Determinants of Corruption in Middle East Countries: Evidence from Panel Data
Abdulwahab Abdulqader Alsarhan
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
57-63
Received:
25 October 2019
Accepted:
20 November 2019
Published:
25 November 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijebo.20190704.11
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Abstract: Corruption is as old as time, and it is really hard to find any country around the globe immune from corruption. According to World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) corruption is defined as "the abuse of public or corporate office for private gain". Several decades ago, there were a number of studies conducted that provided significant determinants of corruption levels in many parts of the world. These variables that affect corruption can at times vary between regions. This study pinpoints some important factors that affect the corruption index in the Middle East countries. Based on data provided by Transparency International, the average number of corruption in the Middle East has recently become inflated. This study analyzes various economic and non-economic corruption determinants in the Middle East countries for the period between 2012 and 2018 using panel data to run two regression models. The results showed for economic variables that increasing in economic freedom, GDP per capita, and foreign direct investment significantly lead to decrease corruption phenomenon in the Middle East countries. whereas, the relationship between corruption and GDP growth, inflation, and openness trade index are statistically insignificant. Random effect panel data for non-economic variables model has been estimated. Unexpected relationship between democracy variable and CPI is stated, where higher democracy index leads to increasing in corruption in the Middle East countries. Education level and human development index have significantly effect on reducing corruption. Human development index should be increased by improve the level of the decent life among the societies. Even though the coefficient of female labor force is positive, it is statistically insignificant. Significant negative relationship between corruption and population as well as freedom index has been reported.
Abstract: Corruption is as old as time, and it is really hard to find any country around the globe immune from corruption. According to World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) corruption is defined as "the abuse of public or corporate office for private gain". Several decades ago, there were a number of studies conducted that provided significa...
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Capital Heterogeneity, Entrepreneurship, and Two-way Capital Flows
Guangtao Xia,
Chi Zhang,
Ke Gao
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
64-69
Received:
21 October 2019
Published:
3 December 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijebo.20190704.12
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Views:
Abstract: This paper analyzes the drivers of Two-way Capital Flow Phenomenon in many developing countries where flows of Portfolio Investment and Direct Investment across borders demonstrate opposite directions. The paper attempts to argue that the scarcity of entrepreneurs in less developed countries, who enhance firm productivity through unobservable (and thus not contractible) entrepreneurship effort, is an essential source of two-way capital flows. Building upon the framework of venture capital studies, this paper shows in a simple model that the lack of entrepreneurs would leave some domestic investment opportunities forgone, resulting in lower investment, lower interest rate, and lower savings compared optimality. Allowing foreign entrepreneurs to raise money from the domestic financial market in the form of portfolio investment outflow and then to invest in the domestic firms in the form of direct investment inflow would help alleviate the situation. In this regard, two-way capital flows bring domestic economy benefit of learning through opening-up.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the drivers of Two-way Capital Flow Phenomenon in many developing countries where flows of Portfolio Investment and Direct Investment across borders demonstrate opposite directions. The paper attempts to argue that the scarcity of entrepreneurs in less developed countries, who enhance firm productivity through unobservable (and ...
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Study of the Right of Government to Change Contracts Unilaterally of PPP Project in the Context of Chinese Civil Law
Qian Jiuling,
Cao Fuguo,
Zhen Deyun
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
70-74
Received:
31 October 2019
Published:
23 December 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijebo.20190704.13
Downloads:
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Abstract: The PPP project contract as an incomplete contract with long-term, complex and uncertain characteristics. The Contract Law gives a party the right to change unilaterally on the basis of the principle of “frustration of contract.” The contract law stipulates that certain contracts may be unilaterally changed under certain circumstances. The change of the contract is based on the ex parte implication, which changes the civil legal relationship. In the PPP contract, giving the government the right to change contracts unilaterally is better to protect the public interest. The right need of government’s unilateral change of contractual has a very important relationship with the public interest, changes in government public service demand and changes in the situation caused by the long-term nature of the contract. In order to safeguard the public interest, meet the changes in the actual needs of public services and the change of circumstances, the government could also change the contract unilaterally on the basis of the theory of “frustration of contract”. When the government exercises the right to change the contract unilaterally due to the public interest, changes in the actual demand of the public service, and changes in the situation, the contract counterparty shall be compensated accordingly.
Abstract: The PPP project contract as an incomplete contract with long-term, complex and uncertain characteristics. The Contract Law gives a party the right to change unilaterally on the basis of the principle of “frustration of contract.” The contract law stipulates that certain contracts may be unilaterally changed under certain circumstances. The change o...
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